|
|
Mastering Roof Inspections IndexThe articles included in the “Mastering Roof Inspections” series are the result of two years of research, photography and writing on the inspection of the five major steep-slope roof-covering materials, including:
In addition to covering defects from manufacturing, installation, and natural weathering, the articles also cover the accurate identification of wind and hail damage. Although these articles were written primarily for home inspectors, the criteria used to evaluate roofs is also relevant for insurance and roofing industry professionals -- both of whom we worked with closely in developing this series -- to determine functional versus cosmetic damage, and whether damage was caused by wind, hail, weathering, improper installation, or manufacturing defects. In addition, we had help from product manufacturers, manufacturers’ associations, contractors, various types of consultants, and those providing expert-witness services to the insurance and roofing industries. We welcome your feedback. Please post your comments on our Message Board here.
PLEASE NOTE: Article links are listed immediately below. Following this list, you will find an Article Index which groups the articles based on subject matter. (Special thanks to InterNACHI member Marcel Cyr!) All photos in the "Mastering
Roof Inspections" article series © Kenton Shepard 2010, except where otherwise noted. All rights reserved. *****************************
Article Index for Mastering Roof InspectionsRoof Styles Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Styles
Roof Framing Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Framing, Part 1
Accessing the Roof Mastering Roof Inspections: Accessing the Roof, Part 1 Mastering Roof Inspections: Accessing the Roof, Part 2 Mastering Roof Inspections: Accessing the Roof, Part 3 Mastering Roof Inspections: Accessing the Roof, Part 4 Mastering Roof Inspections: Accessing the Roof, Part 5
ASPHALT SHINGLE COMPONENTS Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 1
ORGANIC SHINGLES Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 2
Asphalt Composition Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 3
Back-Surfacing Granules
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 4
Adhesive Strips Cellophane Strips
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 5
TYPES of ASPHALT SHINGLES Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 6
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 7
Variations Among Asphalt Composition Shingles Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 8
ASPHALT SHINGLE WARRANTIES Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 9
FIELD-CHECKING SHINGLE THICKNESS Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 10
PROBLEMS WITH ASPHALT SHINGLES Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 11
LONG-TERM SERVICE LIFE Proper Installation Shingle Quality Multiple Layers Directional Orientation Roof Design
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 12
Climate Zone Thermal Cycling Shingle Color Home Site Conditions Elevation Quality of Maintenance
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 13
SOURCES Of DAMAGE Installation Building Codes
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 14
UNDERLAYMENT The IRC and Manufacturers' Recommendations Pitch Requirements Underlayment Installation Requirements Steep-Slope Roofs Low-Slope Roofs Fasteners
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 15
UNDERLAYMENT in VALLEYS Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 16
FLASHING IRC Requirements ROOF-WALL INTERSECTIONS Headwall Flashing
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 17
SIDEWALL FLASHING Step-Flashing Counter-Flashing Sidewall Defects Wall-Covering Clearance
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 18
COUNTER-FLASHING Counter-Flashing at Brick Walls Counter-Flashing at Stone Walls
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 19
Kickout Flashing Changes in Roof Slope or Direction Valleys Hips
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 20
Changes in Pitch Drip-Edge Flashing Roof Penetrations Skylights
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 21
Mechanical Attachment Points Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 22
SHINGLE INSTALLATION METHODS Slope Limitations Valley Types Open Valleys Closed Valleys Cut Valleys Woven Valleys
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 23
SHINGLE INSTALLATION METHODS RACKING
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 24
FASTENERS Disclaim Proper Fastening Jurisdictional Requirements Fastener Type Nails
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 25
Depth of Penetration Fastener Placement Conventional Patterns High-Wind Patterns
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 26
Substrate Holding Power Hand-Sealing Shingles Checking for Proper Fastening Checking Shingle Bond
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 27
RE-ROOFING OVER EXISTING SHINGLES Reduced Impact Resistance Bridging and Nesting
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 28
INCREASING ROOF WEIGHT
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 29
ASPHALT SHINGLE WEATHERING Shingle Quality Structure Orientation Degree of Roof Slope Climate Thermal Cycling Roof Color Elevation Roof Structure Ventilation Quality of Maintenance ASPHALT SHINGLE LIFESPAN Packaging Installation Slow, Prolonged Aging Accelerating Deterioration
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 30
Moisture Effects of Moisture Ice Dams
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 31
The Asphalt Layer Volatiles
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 32
DUCTILITY Filler Polymers Transition Temperature
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 33
GRANULE LOSS New Roofs Uniform Granule Loss Slope Orientation Batch Problems Flaking Foot Traffic
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 34
ASPHALT SHINGLE MANUFACTURING DEFECTS Inadequate Asphalt Coating Blister Pops Spliced Shingles
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 35
COSMETIC ISSUES Visual Issues Shingle Colors Mixing Shingle Lots Oil and Dust MANUFACTURING VARIATIONS Granule Tilt Machine-Speed Granule Tilt Granule Sizing Machine-Speed Granule Blend Granule Embedment Mixing Algae and Non-Algae-Resistant Shingles
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 36
MECHANICAL DAMAGE Tool Damage Impact Scuffing Marring Intentional Damage
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 37
SUBSTRATES Wood Board Plywood and OSB Sheathing Thickness Modern Standards H-Clips
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 38
SHINGLE SPLITTING Splitting vs. Cracking THERMAL SPLITTING Roof-Structure Assembly Splitting Over Shingle Joints
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 39
SUBSTRATE MOVEMENT Sheathing Expansion and Contraction Initial Conditioning Seasonal Fluctuation Shingle Splitting Shingle Buckling
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 40
BUILDING DESIGN Roof-Structure Ventilation Cooling Season Heating Season Moisture Problems Mold Growth Ice Dams
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 41
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE Tree Damage Animal Damage Biological Growth Algae Preventing Algae Growth
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 42
Biological Growth Moss Lichen "Tobacco-Juicing"
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 43
HAIL DAMAGE Impact Resistance Characteristics of Damage
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 44
Mat Asphalt Composition Lack of Studies UV Radiation Conclusion
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 45
DAMAGE to the GRANULE LAYER Functional Damage Asphalt Quality Hailstone Properties "Hitchhikers" Wind-Driven Hail
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 46
Area of Impact Angle of Impact Temperature Substrate Support Hail Damage vs. Blisters
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 47
Material Properties Intentional Damage
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 48
Ball-Peen Hammers Characteristics of Damage by Ball-Peen Hammers Claw Hammers Coins Golf Balls NON-INTENTIONAL, NON-HAIL DAMAGE Tool and Equipment Damage
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 49
WIND DAMAGE Wind-Resistance Standards Wind Factors Failure Modes Tab Uplift Shingle Pull-Over Creasing and Tearing
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 50
Blow-Off Adhesive Strips Transfer Inflation
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 51
Hand-Sealing Shingles Rake Edges Aging Checking for Proper Fastening Hand-Sealing Shingles
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 52
TYPES of SHINGLE DAMAGE Creased or Broken Tabs Debris Shingle Blow-Off
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 53
FASTENERS Jurisdictional Requirements Fastener Types Staples Nails Proper Fastener Installation Fastener Placement The Holding Power of the Substrate Inadequate Penetration
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 54
INDIVIDUAL SHINGLE REPLACEMENT Performing the Inspection On the Roof Checking Shingle Bonding Checking Shingle Bonding Shingle Fastening Shingle Problems Flashing Problems Underlayment Problems
Mastering Roof Inspections: Asphalt Composition Shingles, Part 55
Attic Area Roof Inspection Penetrations Poor Connections
Mastering Roof Inspections: Attic Area Roof Inspection
Attic Ventilation Systems Roof Structure Ventilation Cools the Roof Cools the Living Space Removes Moisture ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS Thermostatically Controlled Fan Whole-House Fan Backdrafting
Mastering Roof Inspections: Attic Ventilation Systems, Part 1
PASSIVE SYSTEMS Soffit Vents Gable Vents Roof Vents Wind Turbine
Mastering Roof Inspections: Attic Ventilation Systems, Part 2
Continuous Ridge Vent Adequate Ventilation RADIANT BARRIERS
Mastering Roof Inspections: Attic Ventilation Systems, Part 3
Flashing IRC Requirements Corrosion
Mastering Roof Inspections: Flashing, Part 1
HEADWALL FLASHING SIDEWALL FLASHING Step Flashing Tile Requires Pan Flashing Step Flashing Sizes
Mastering Roof Inspections: Flashing, Part 2
COUNTER-FLASHING Counter-Flashing at Brick Headwalls and Sidewalls
Mastering Roof Inspections: Flashing, Part 3
KICKOUT FLASHING Mastering Roof Inspections: Flashing, Part 4
VALLEYS Open Valleys Closed Valleys
Mastering Roof Inspections: Flashing, Part 5
CHANGES in PITCH DRIP EDGE
Mastering Roof Inspections: Flashing, Part 6
Hail Damage Hail Damage: Where and When?
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 1
DEFINING HAIL DAMAGE Functional Damage Cosmetic Issues
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 2
HAIL DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS IMPACT ENERGY Size
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 3
Density Velocity Variation Within Storms
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 4
Shape Angle of Impact Directionality
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 5
Type of Roof-Covering Material Type of Roof-Covering Material Roofing Material Condition Part of the Roofing Material Hit Nature of the Substrate Temperature of the Roofing Material
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 6
FORENSICS of HAIL DAMAGE COLLATERAL DAMAGE Spatter SOURCE of DAMAGE
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 7
Directionality Random Fall Pattern Intentional Damage Age of Damage
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 8
IDENTIFYING COLLATERAL DAMAGE Elevation Damage Gutters and Downspouts
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 9
Elevation Damage Windows and Doors SIDING Vinyl Siding
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 10
Fencing Painted Surfaces Air-Conditioning Units Electrical Panels Window Well Covers Directional Clues
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 11
HAIL DAMAGE on the ROOF Test Squares Number of Hits Slope/Roof Replacement Disagreements Resolving Disagreements
Mastering Roof Inspections: Hail Damage, Part 12
Metal Roofs Structural and Architectural Metal Roofing Energy State of Metals
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 1
CORROSION Galvanic Crevice Corrosion Corrosion Filiform Corrosion
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 2
METALS USED FOR ROOFING Naturally Weathering Copper Aluminum
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 3
Steel Coated Steel Galvanized Coating Galvalume®
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 4
BARRIER COATINGS Types of Paint
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 5
DAMAGING CONDITIONS Surface Defects
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 6
METAL ROOF INSTALLATION Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 7
FASTENING METHODS FOR METAL PANEL ROOFS Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 8
METAL SHINGLES Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 9
HAIL DAMAGE to METAL ROOFS WIND DAMAGE to METAL ROOFS
Mastering Roof Inspections: Metal Roofs, Part 10 Mastering Roof Inspections: Moisture Problems Mastering Roof Inspections: Personal Protective Equipment Mastering Roof Inspections: Pests Mastering Roof Inspections: Photography Mastering Roof Inspections: Respiratory Protection
Roof Drainage Systems GUTTERS
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Drainage Systems, Part 1
DOWNSPOUTS Interior Downspouts
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Drainage Systems, Part 2
Roof Framing CONVENTIONAL ROOFS
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Framing, Part 1
METAL CONNECTIONS and FASTENERS Fastener Failure
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Framing, Part 2
ROOF TRUSSES Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Framing, Part 3
Roof Penetrations CHIMNEY INSPECTION FLASHING
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Penetrations, Part 1
Cricket Cap Flue Spark Arresters Attic Chimney
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Penetrations, Part 2
VENTS Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Penetrations, Part 3 Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Penetrations, Part 4
SKYLIGHTS MECHANICAL ATTACHMENT POINTS
Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Penetrations, Part 5
Roof Styles Mastering Roof Inspections: Roof Styles
Slate Roofs Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 1
PROPERTIES OF SLATE Slate Lifespan Foreign Slate
Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 2
SLATE ROOF STYLES Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 3
SLATE DURABILITY Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 4
SLATE FABRICATION and INSTALLATION Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 5 Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 6 Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 7 Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 8
SLATE INSPECTION Accessing Slate Roofs Contractor Qualifications Broken Slate Snow Guards Gutters Cleaning Slate Slate Roof Design
Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 9
Damaged Underlayment Leaking Slate Roofs Insects "Chattering"
Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 10
REPAIRING FIELD SLATES Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 11
HAIL DAMAGE to SLATE ROOFS Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 12
COMPOSITE SLATE Warranties
Mastering Roof Inspections: Slate Roofs, Part 13
Tile Roofs Side Profiles Interlocking Tiles Overlapping Tiles Butting Tiles Birdstop
Mastering Roof Inspections: Tile Roofs, Part 1
TILE INSTALLATION Minimum Roof Slope Roof Sheathing Underlayment Flashing Fasteners
Mastering Roof Inspections: Tile Roofs, Part 2
CONCRETE TILES
Mastering Roof Inspections: Tile Roofs, Part 3
CONCRETE TILE INSPECTION Mastering Roof Inspections: Tile Roofs, Part 4 CLAY TILE MANUFACTURING Mastering Roof Inspections: Tile Roofs, Part 5
CLAY TILE INSTALLATION Mastering Roof Inspections: Tile Roofs, Part 6
Underlayment The PURPOSES of UNDERLAYMENT
Mastering Roof Inspections: Underlayment, Part 1
TYPES of UNDERLAYMENT ASPHALT-SATURATED FELT
Mastering Roof Inspections: Underlayment, Part 2
RUBBERIZED ASPHALT Mastering Roof Inspections: Underlayment, Part 3
Non-Bitumen Synthetic Underlayment Mastering Roof Inspections: Underlayment, Part 4
FACTORS AFFECTING UNDERLAYMENT Climate Types Roof Design
Mastering Roof Inspections: Underlayment, Part 5
Wind Damage Mastering Roof Inspections: Wind Damage, Part 1
FACTORS AFFECTING WIND SPEED Height Above the Ground Wind Speed
Mastering Roof Inspections: Wind Damage, Part 2
HOW WIND CREATES DAMAGE Mastering Roof Inspections: Wind Damage, Part 3
WIND DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS Mastering Roof Inspections: Wind Damage, Part 4
MITIGATING FACTORS Mastering Roof Inspections: Wind Damage, Part 5
PERFORMING a WIND-DAMAGE INSPECTION ELEVATION DAMAGE
Mastering Roof Inspections: Wind Damage, Part 6
Wood Shakes and Shingles Manufacturing and Application Standards Preservative-Treated
Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 1
Grading Authority Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 2
UNDERLAYMENT AND INTERLAYMENT Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 3
FASTENERS WOOD ROOF PROBLEMS Weathering Extractive Bleeding
Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 4
Rates of Weathering Distortion Checks Splitting
Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 5
MECHANICAL DAMAGE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 6
WOOD ROOF MAINTENANCE Mastering Roof Inspections: Wood Shakes and Shingles, Part 7 All content copyright © 2006-2010 the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors, Inc. |
Enter supporting content here