by Kenton Shepard and Nick Gromicko

    

The purpose of the series “Mastering Roof Inspections” is to teach home inspectors, as well as insurance and roofing professionals, how to recognize proper and improper conditions while inspecting steep-slope, residential roofs. This series covers roof framing, roofing materials, the attic, and the conditions that affect the roofing materials and components, including wind and hail.

   

ASPHALT SHINGLE LIFESPAN, Part 4

  

DUCTILITY

 

Ductility is the property that gives shingles their flexibility. Good ductile properties allow shingles to bend and return to their original shape without damage. Shingles that are too flexible will not have good resistance to wind damage and will fracture, crease, tear or pull over the heads of fasteners more easily. Shingles which lack adequate flexibility may also be damaged from handling during transportation or installation.

 

Filler

 

Shingle ductility is influenced by the type and amount of filler mixed into the asphalt.

 

Too little filler added to the asphalt results in shingles being soft and easily damaged during installation. Too much filler makes shingles brittle and shortens their service life. Asphalt shingles may contain up to 60% or more of filler.

 

Pulverized stone is used as filler, with limestone and dolomite being two of the most common types of stone. This type is a high-performance, engineered, dolomite-based filler designed to maximize heat transfer. Encouraging heat transfer helps extend the shingles' service life by keeping them cooler.

 

Polymers

 

Polymers are chains of molecules which link to each other, often called “cross-linked polymers.” They can be used to improve the physical characteristics of a wide variety of materials. In asphalt shingles, they’re added to the asphalt to improve shingle ductility, but they also improve shingle strength and impact resistance. “Polymer-modified bitumen” is a common term in the roofing industry.

 

The main polymers used in asphalt shingles are styrene butadiene styrene, or SBS. SBS polymers give rubber-like properties to asphalt.

 

The use of polymers is not limited to roofing materials.  The polymer industry is larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined.

 

Transition Temperature

 

Transition temperature might also be called the shingle’s “softening point.” This is the temperature below which shingles lose their ductile properties and fracture more easily.

 

For example, the transition temperature of water is 32° F. At temperatures above 32° F, water is very flexible; put your hand into a bucket of water and the water will bend right around it. The softening point of water is 32° F. Below this temperature; water becomes brittle because it has turned to ice.  Try putting your hand into a bucket of water that has been exposed to temperatures below its softening point for a while and see how far you get!

  

Asphalt that becomes soft at too low a temperature can scuff and mar easily during installation. Scuffing refers to the loss of granules from abrasion, often from footfall.

 

 

 

The near roof edge shows scuffing from footfall.

 

Marring refers to the deformation of the surface of the asphalt. It can be caused by footfall or from equipment, such as ladders.

 

Asphalt that softens at too high a temperature is brittle and more easily damaged by impact or flexing. Brittle shingles may also be broken more easily during installation.

 

 

This shingle shows marring from a heel made when the asphalt was soft.