by Kenton Shepard and Nick Gromicko

    

The purpose of the series “Mastering Roof Inspections” is to teach home inspectors, as well as insurance and roofing professionals, how to recognize proper and improper conditions while inspecting steep-slope, residential roofs. This series covers roof framing, roofing materials, the attic, and the conditions that affect the roofing materials and components, including wind and hail.

   

SLATE ROOFS

  

Properties of Slate 

 

 

 

Slate Formation

 

Let's look at slate roof tiles, which you may hear called simply slates or tiles.  Slate tiles are made from blocks of stone mined in quarries.

 

Slate is a natural stone formed 450 to 650 million years ago by the accumulation of marine sediment, mostly clay and sand. These materials became buried and were transformed by heat and pressure into a stone that splits consistently into tiles.

 

 

 

These conditions are typical of those that formed the Appalachian Mountains, so most slate quarries in North America are near the Appalachians in Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, Maine, and the southeastern parts of Canada bordering those states. The Appalachian deposit is famous for producing high-quality slate.

 

Slate deposits are usually very large, underlying multiple states with quarries located in different parts of the deposit. Slate from different quarries, and from different layers in the same quarry, has unique characteristics. The differences in color, density and durability are the result of the differences in the mineral types and their proportions.  In other words, the properties of slate are determined by its chemical makeup, and the different types and magnitudes of forces that acted upon the slate as it was being formed.

 

Color

 

One concern with slate is its color-fastness, which refers to the long-term stability of the slate's natural color. Slate is classified as fading or unfading, according to its color stability. The photos below show two types of unfading slate.

 

 

 

Unfading red slate

 

 

Unfading mottled green-purple

  

Fading slates may change to a different color.  They may fade to a new shade of the same color, or they may develop a streaked appearance.  Such changes may be from less than 10% to more than 90%.  Darker slates sometimes have a high percentage of carbon, making them less durable.

  

Slates designated as unfading will maintain their original color for many years.

 

Color permanence is not always an indication of slate durability, although the color can be an indicator because it helps determine the quarry where the slate originated.

 

Some colors are specific to certain regions, and others are found more widely. Here are some examples of slate colors from different quarries. These slates are samples. If they were actual roofing tiles, you’d see nail holes.

 

 

 

Royal purple

 

Unvariegated purple

 

Semi-weathering grey

 

Differences can be subtle, as you can see by comparing the unfading grey to the unfading green, and the mottled grey-black and the Vermont black. Although these slates may look very similar, they could have very different lifespans.  It takes experience to identify slate by sight with confidence, and it’s often impossible to identify slate with laboratory testing.

 

Ribbon Slates

 

Slates that have dark bands of brown or red across their faces are called ribbon slates. There is some disagreement among contractors about whether ribbon slate has a shorter lifespan than other types or colors. The dark bands usually contain a higher percentage of carbon or unstable minerals that may weather more quickly than the rest of the tile.

 

Ribbon slates are usually used for interior applications. If you see them installed as roof tile, you should mention in your inspection report that the tiles installed appear to be ribbon slates, and that their use as roof tile is controversial.  Explain the possibility that they may fail before similar, non-ribbon slate tiles.

 

The photo above shows ribbon slate from China. A lot of this type has been imported and is suitable only for indoor applications.

 

Density

 

The density of slate has a strong effect on its durability. Slate that was exposed to high pressure and temperatures during formation tends to be denser. Higher density makes slate less porous and less likely to absorb moisture.  Moisture absorption is a major contributor to slate weathering and deterioration.